What does the Coronavirus really look like?

July 31, 2020
Andrea Thorn

The coronavirus cannot be seen with the naked eye; it is invisible. That is a huge problem. Imagine if your house were on fire: you would react immediately, leave the house, call the fire brigade and warn the neighbours. The thread would be clearly visible. This is, however, not true for the coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 cannot be seen or touched. The time between infection and tangible illness is a number of days, with an additional 16 days until the worst-case scenario, death (2). This makes the threat much harder to recognize. Imagine a catastrophe killing 32.362 people in New York City! Still, the same number of deaths occured in recent month in NY – 1 in 250 persons – by COVID-19 (3). The invisibility of the threat makes it hard for people to wear masks and keep distance to each other. It is very difficult to adress a danger you can’t see, and even harder to believe in something you don’t understand.

This is why we want people to see the virus, or even better, to touch it. Make it tangible. And this is why we have designed a scientifically accurate model for 3D print. And the best part: As we are funded by taxpayer money, we have made the files available online for free! (If you use them, please acknowledge the Coronavirus Structural Task Force.)

3D printed corona vrisu model
The printed and painted corona virus model and an antibody in the scale 1:1,000,000. Photo by Judith Flurer / RVZ.

Now that is a bit different from what you have seen in the media, isn’t it? Why? Well, first of all, any kind of spikey ball passes as a corona virus these days. Our virus also differs from the illustration by medical illustrators Alissa Eckert and Dan Higgins from the CDC (4). These are the main differences between their red-and-grey depiction and ours:

  • The virus is not exactly spherical, and rather wobbly; which can be seen clearly in our 3D print.
  • The number of Envelope proteins (orange), membrane proteins (yellow) and spikes (green) are in accordance to the latest findings (2).
  • The spikes are longer, as we now know much more about their structure, and the virus hull is smaller in proportion to them. However, the exact size of the virus varies. The ratio we show is an average.
  • The spikes are glycosylated, making them more irregular (and slimier). The glycosylation is shown in grey. However, it would actually look like this, and could be represented by cotton wool stuck to the spike protein.
  • We are showing the E protein in the pentameric “pore” conformation. Whether that is a correct assumption for the virion remains to be seen. If you want to know more about this, look here.
  • As the virus lives embedded in slimy, wet conditions, we chose colours to represent that instead of the red and grey which the CDC used to represent the threat the virus poses (1)
Merge of two virus representations
Comparison between the Taskforce depiction (by Thomas Splettstößer / SciStyle.com) and the common depiction in the media (CDC).

We have also added a rhinovirus and an antibody in the same 1 : 1,000,000 scale. The antibody binds to the spike specifically, this is how the immune system can recognize the virus – and the rhinovirus shows you how large SARS-CoV-2 is. (Spoilers, it is very big for a virus!)

One should also say that the "virus" is actually a virion - the transport form of a virus, which can be spread - once a host cell is infected, the virus rolls out his RNA genome and makes a whole lot more proteins to hijack the host cell and make more copies of itself. These proteins are also part of the virus, and a main subject of our research.

If you cannot wait to print your own: You can find the files here and the instructions on how to print the virus here!

References:
(1) Rothan Hussin A., and Byrareddy Siddappa N. "The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak." Journal of autoimmunity (2020): 102433. pmid:32113704
(2) https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article
(3) 32.362 deaths by 17th of July 2020 as reported by the New York Times in 8.4 million inhabitants (US Census Bureau) gives 0,39 %, roughly equalling 1 in 250.
(4) https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/health/coronavirus-illustration-cdc.html

Corinna the Corona Cactus

@
Corinna works as an outreach person for all plant-related business and as a mascot. She gathered previous experience in the garden center, and even though she can be a bit spiky, she likes to cuddle and lie in the sun.
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Dr Helen Ginn is a senior research scientist at Diamond Light Source in the UK and a computational methods developer in structural biology. She is currently working on Representation of Protein Entities (RoPE) for structural biologists to interpret subtle conformational changes in dynamic protein systems. She has developed Vagabond for torsion angle-driven model refinement and […]
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Nick Pearce

Assistant Professor @ SciLifeLab DDLS Fellow
Nick obtained his undergraduate degree in Physics from the University of Oxford in 2012, and then his PhD in Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences in 2016. He moved to Utrecht in the Netherlands in 2017 to work with Piet Gros, where he obtained an EMBO long-term fellowship and worked on analysing disorder in macromolecular structures. […]
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David Briggs

Principal Laboratory Research Scientist @ Francis Crick Institute in London, UK
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Lisa Schmidt

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Postdoctoral Research Associate @ Micalis Institute, INRAE, Paris, France
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Postdoctoral Research Associate @ Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge
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Gianluca Santoni

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Gianluca is an expert in protein crystallography data collection and analysis. After a PhD in structure-based drug design, he has worked as a postdoc on the beamline ID23-1 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and has developed the SSX data analysis software ccCluster. His current interests are the optimization of data collection strategies for […]
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Yunyun Gao

Postdoctoral Research Associate in the AUSPEX Project @ Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Hamburg University
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Johannes Kaub

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Andrea Thorn

Group Leader @ Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Hamburg University
Andrea is a specialist for crystallography and Cryo-EM structure solution, having contributed to programs like SHELX, ANODE and (a little bit) to PHASER in the past. Her group develops the diffraction diagnostics tool AUSPEX, a neural network for secondary structure annotation of Cryo-EM maps (HARUSPEX) and enables other scientists to solve problem structures. Andrea is […]
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